Essay on Jean Paul Sartres Writing - No Exit - 528 Words

Jean Paul Sartre’s Philosophical Writing nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Jean Paul Sartre personally believed in the philosophical idea of existentialism, which is demonstrated in his play No Exit. His ideas of existentialism were profoundly outlined in the play. Based on the idea that mental torture is more agonizing than physical, No Exit leaves the reader with mixed emotions towards the importance of consequences for one’s acts. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Set in Hell, the vision of the underworld is nothing the characters imagined as they are escorted to a Second Empire styled hotel. This is all ironic, in the fact that Sartre never believed in perdition. He uses this fictitious place to persuade his audience. Hell is used as a†¦show more content†¦Sartre used this situation to prove that one’s consequences are not inevitable. We make our own design in our life, and we have freedom of choice and responsibility for the outcome of ones acts. By putting these people in a hostile environment, Sartre relates his idea of existentialism. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Not only did these people die due to their malignant choices, but also they afflicted evil on other people. What is happening to them is what happened to the people that they killed. They are becoming the people of their pasts. Their weaknesses begin to show through, yet they can’t confide in one another. Instead they challenge each other, taking a stab at any hope of existence that they get. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;At the end of the play, Sartre finds that there is no need for physical torture. If these people can cause that much pain on Earth, than evil must just come from them naturally. The only thing that Garcin needs to satisfy him is the proof of his existence. He needs someone to tell him that he’s not a coward., and that is the one thing that Estelle and Inez won’t give do. Garcin’s last words, â€Å"lets get on with it,† leave a sarcastic tone over the whole play. There is definitely uniqueness and isolation in each individual. The laugh that they shared about their future in purgatory at the end enlightened the meaning of the play. We should make note that people are entirely free andShow MoreRelatedNo Exit, By Jean Paul Sartre1469 Words   |  6 Pageshas been perpetually questioned by many authors and philosophers including the French playwright, Jean-Paul Sartre. Sartre questions the known layout of hell and instead offers a new idea of people, in fact, being each other’s hell. He creates a fictional story about terrible people who must spend the entirety of their afterlives suffering with each other. In, â€Å"No Exit,† a play written by Jean-Paul Sartre, the act of self reflection and it’s consequences are shown through the egocentric characterizationRead MoreNo Exit By Jean Paul Sartre1342 Words   |  6 Pages In No Exit, a play written by philosopher and existentialist Jean-Paul Sartre, three characters are placed in a small room assumed to be hell with minimal furniture, space, and points of interest. The two women and one man are forced to face their own as well as the others’ sins and true natures, exposing each other in a raw truth. In many of his works, Sartre attempts to get important messages across that coincide with his philosophies. A piece that is easy to use to compare with the play is theRead MoreJean Paul Sartre : Existentialism Philosophy1788 Words   |   8 PagesJean Paul Sartre Existentialism Philosophy Jean Paul Sartre is considered the father of Existentialist philosophy. Following the Second World War, Jean Paul’s writings set the tone for an intellectual life. Sartre was born in Paris and he spent most of his life there. Having attended various prestigious Parisian schools with traditional philosophical education, he was introduced to the history of Western philosophy with a bias toward Cartesianism and neo Kantianism. As soon as the World War endedRead More Master Harold vs No Exit Essay1182 Words   |  5 Pagescharacters in the play. The is exactly the case in both No Exit by Jean-Paul Sartre and â€Å"Master Harold†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and the boys by Athol Fugard. The setting in both plays contain of one room that mainly consists of three major characters. The setting has an enormous impact on the behavior of the characters. The time period in which both plays are form also effect the style of writing and the characters. No Exit has an existentialist style of writing were as â€Å"Master Harold†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and the boys was written in the apartheidRead MoreHow Can We Be Happy? Often We Find That Our Unhappiness1702 Words   |  7 PagesInez, â€Å"You are—your life, and nothing else† (Sartre 25). The responsibility to find our own meaning is a large one. Because we are only our lives, and there is nothing after, how can we make the best of this short period we have? Simply we must find what out what we want our lives to mean to us, and pursue that to the best of our ability. Finding your meaning requires you understand your true self. Who you really are, how you see yourself. What Sartre describes as â€Å"the gaze† is the theory thatRead More Finding an Existential Ethic Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagesover seventy thousand fathoms of water, and still believe. (40) In Kierkegaard’s writing, the idea of constantly working to hold fast to a subjective faith is the only way to be a true believer. Believing in name only is existentially irrelevant.    Jean-Paul Sartre offers another example of how action is the only true affirmation of faith. In his philosophical writing, Sartre holds that to be a self-professed atheist, Christian, or hero means nothing if it is not followedRead MoreThe Breakfast Club, Written And Directed By John Hughes1276 Words   |  6 PagesGine Bouza, Joe Danis, Zechariah Dardaine, Zach Okonowsky Mrs. LeBlanc English 10 January 13th No Exit/The Breakfast Club Writing Prompt No Exit, a play written by Jean-Paul Sartre that debuted in 1944, has many similar themes to the movie The Breakfast Club, written and directed by John Hughes. The play No Exit is perceived as taking place in literal Hell and describes the interactions between those who have died and have been placed in a room together. In The Breakfast Club, students haveRead MoreNo Exit, By Jean Paul Sartre1859 Words   |  8 Pageswhich flourished soon after the end of World War II. It is focused around a belief that existence precedes essence, meaning that there is no meaning of life, other than the one each individual assigns during his own lifetime. In the play No Exit, Jean Paul Sartre explores this philosophy through a triad of individuals whose lives and post-death experiences reflect a range of existentialist ideas and their contradictions. The three characters, Garcin Inez, and Estelle, are all stuck in a second empireRead MoreNo Exit By Jean Paul Sartre Essay2357 Words   |  10 PagesT he Play Text, Its Context and the Ideas presented in the play Why did I choose this play? I choose the play No Exit by Jean-Paul Sartre as the play to explore for my director s notebook. The reason I choose this text was because I wanted to find something out of the box and something that made the audience think. This play is also a shorter play, so I think that it would be able to be able to keep the audience’s attention to the message of the play. This play is an absurdist play, and the topicRead MoreBeckett vs Satre2361 Words   |  10 PagesCompare and contrast Sartre’s No Exit with Beckett’s Waiting for Godot. Samuel Beckett’s vision of two lowly tramps in the middle of a derelict environment can be placed in direct contrast to the claustrophobic and eternal nightmare presented by Jean-Paul Sartre , but each playwright possessed objectives for their respective audiences and each shared a valued opinion on the theories of existentialism which can be established in the plays Waiting for Godot and No Exit. Beckett introduces the audience

A Brief Look at Schizophrenia - 1765 Words

Schizophrenia Socially the term Schizophrenia has a certain caricature about it that society has turned into a very serious social stigma. Many associate the disorder with criminals, nut houses, and extreme uncontrollable violence. Schizophrenia is portrayed in literature, and in movies so horrendously negative that those who experience symptoms of this very serious mental disorder can be in a stage of denial that can ultimately cause them to go undiagnosed, that is until something goes wrong. In spite of myths and portrayals in pop culture schizophrenia is sometimes viewed as split personality, but the root of the word comes from the Greek word schizo and phrene which loosely translates into split mind (Internet Mental Health Initiative 2010). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or DSM-5 says that â€Å"Schizophrenia is characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and other symptoms that cause social or occupational dysfunction . For a diagnosis, symptoms must have been present for six months and include at least one month of active symptoms† (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). In the last edition of the DSM it was only required that a person show one of the symptoms listed, but now in the revised addition the patient must show two of the symptoms listed above. The National Institute of Mental Health or NIMH breaks down the disorder in laments terms by describing it as â€Å"People with the disorder may hear voices otherShow MoreRelatedThe Stigma Of Mental Health968 Words   |  4 Pagesreal practice (Kelly et al, 2010). This essay is a reflection on two newspaper articles on schizophrenia to provide a brief account of personal observation, common misconceptions, scientific truth and mainstream issues that needs an immediate attention. PERSONAL OBSERVATION The very right question which I personally believe every individual should ask to them before jumping into any conclusion on schizophrenia is why and how they are different. There is a little difference between schizophrenic peopleRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Health1095 Words   |  5 Pagesreal practice (Kelly et al, 2010). This essay is a reflection on two newspaper articles on schizophrenia to provide a brief account of personal observation, common misconceptions, scientific truth and mainstream issues that needs an immediate attention. PERSONAL OBSERVATION The very right question which I personally believe every individual should ask of them before jumping into any conclusion on schizophrenia is why and how they are different. There is a little difference between schizophrenic peopleRead MoreSchizophrenia’s Management and Treatment 1567 Words   |  6 Pagessymptoms for a mental disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). When interviewing John Doe it is difficul t to stay on topic because he will often change the subject. During the interview John Doe gives the impression of lack of self-care. He looks as if he has not showered and trued to have personal hygiene. His mother indeed reports that John Doe has not brushed his teeth or showered recently and that getting him out of bed is a difficult task for her (O’Hea, 2014). John Doe’s appetite hasRead MoreSymptoms And Signs Of Schizophrenia1140 Words   |  5 PagesBe aware. They might be suffering from schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a thought or brain disorder that interferes with a person’s ability to think clearly, manage emotions, make decisions, relate to others and failure to recognize what is real (Goldberg, 2016). One of the famous people who developed schizophrenia is Eduard Einstein, son of Albert Einstein, Vincent van Gogh, the painter, Joan of Arc, and even Socrates (Nettle, 2013). A law about schizophrenia treatment and equality should be implementedRead Mo reSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1132 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract This research paper takes a look at a case study in which the individual is suffering from delusional disorder. Because delusional disorder and schizophrenia share many of the same characteristics, it is easy to mistake one for the other; therefore, the psychology professional must look at all the present symptoms as well as the history of the individual to make a clear diagnosis. When using the pharmacological approach in treating delusional disorders, the psychology professional mustRead MoreSubstance Abuse: Crisis Intervention1352 Words   |  5 Pages Substance abuse: Crisis intervention To the outsider, the lives of substance abusers often look like a series of crises waiting to happen. Often, the extent to which substance abuse is causing devastation in the life of the sufferer is more manifest to outsiders such as friends or relatives than the abuser him or herself. Crises relating to substance abuse may be biologically-related (such as a medical crisis brought about by abuse); legally related (a conviction for abusing an illegal drugRead MoreMovie Review: Out of Darkness1576 Words   |  7 Pagescondition of Schizophrenia in the movie, Out of Darkness. The film has a dynamic cast including: Diana Ross as Paulie Cooper (the individual suffering with schizophrenia), Rhonda Stubbins-White as Zoe Price (Paulie’s sister), and Beach Richards as Ms. Cooper (Paulie’s mother). There are a number of other characters portrayed in the film; however for the purpose of this paper, the focus is on these three. The first portion of the paper gives a brief description of the initial onset of Schizophrenia for Paulie;Read MoreThe Effects Of Schizophrenia And How It Not Only Effects People Essay1340 Words   |  6 PagesSchizophrenia Xavier Pizarro December 3, 2016 Monroe College Psych. Of Abnormal Behavior Abstract This essay will be tackling the topic of Schizophrenia and how it not only effects people but the many different treatments they can choose from and have to continue to go through for a majority of their lives. It will also show some statistics and some facts you may or may not know but hopefully it will open up some doors you haven’t been through and answer any potential question you might have aboutRead MoreEssay On Computer Assisted Cognitive Remediation965 Words   |  4 Pagesquestion whether a longer training in computer-assisted cognitive remediation (CACR) would lead to greater improvement in both cognition and daily functioning for individuals with schizophrenia. CACR is a computer training that provides specific neurocognitive exercises which aim to improve common impaired areas in schizophrenia. Previous studies have shown that using CACR rehabilitation treatment could improve cognitive deficits. Only one study was ever completed to question how intense CACR should beRead MoreEssay about Genetics and Schizophrenia1632 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscuss whether schizophrenia is genetically inherited disorder. There will be an understanding to what schizophrenia is with a brief description in the introduction. This essay will also talk about weather schizophrenia is genetically inherited or weather it is a biological (Inherited) disorder. It will also include weather schizophrenia is cause by other factors such as social factors, environmental, pre natal, childhood and neurobiology. The essay will also state weather schizophrenia is caused by

Montessori Materials Essential Parts Essay Example For Students

Montessori Materials Essential Parts Essay Why Are Interiors Materials Essential Parts of the Prepared Environment? Discuss How to Introduce the Child Into the Exercises with the Censorial Materials. By neurasthenia Next to the family, the Interiors classroom is the place of importance in the world off child, The Interiors classroom is a social institution that not only determines the present state of the child but also their future. In The Absorbent Mind, Dry Maria Interiors wrote, *The most important period of life is not the age of university studies, but the first one, the period from birth to the age of ix. Or that is the time When mans intelligence itself, his greatest implement is being formed At no other age has the child greater need of intelligent help, and any Obstacle that impedes his creative work Will lessen the chance he has Of achieving perfection. In order to help children Maria Interiors developed what she called the prepared environment. In Interiors, the classroom is called the Prepared Environment. The first task of a Interiors teacher is to setup her classroom. Age between 3 to 6 years the child is being introduced to the world. So Dry. Maria lives strongly in providing an environment rich in all areas of learning so that the child can choose, from his own perception, what he is ready to learn. When creating the classroom environment there are 3 things has to be considered. They are beauty, order and accessibility. Key principles of the prepared environment are order, and choice, freedom, mixed age range, movement, and control of error, materials and the role of the adult. At the time preparing the classroom environment the Interiors Materials are the heart of the classroom. Interiors classrooms are carefully prepared environments, housing an array of carefully designed materials suited to the chili The Interiors material was developed and compiled by Maria Interiors herself. After many years of careful study and observation of the children in her school, she put together materials that fully stimulate the childs inner desire to learn and become more independent from the adults around him. Developmentally suitable materials make easy learning in a hierarchy from simple to complex and real to theoretical. They are child sized, inviting, beautiful and attractive to the children, and provide a hands-on learning experience. All he work materials and furniture are child sized, giving the child full freedom to move-about and explore. This also allows child to be more active and the teacher more passive. The environment does not contain any objects that the child may not use or that delay his development, nor it contains any materials that are broken or incomplete. These materials are attractive to young children because they were designed to cater to the sensitive periods They are tools that allow the child to explore the world and develop essential cognitive skills. Materials are arranged in an orderly way in the prepared environment on pen, accessible shelves. The materials are key element in the environment, as the child learns through the materials, many of which are self correcting, rather than directly through the teacher _ Also the materials are designed in such away that children can see their own success, as well as their errors. If the child has done something incorrectly it Will be self evident. Being able to see his or her own mistake allows the child to work independently. This is known as a control of error. Just by using the material the child will be guided towards its purpose. ;The environment itself will teach the child, f every error he makes is manifest to him, without the intervention of a parent or teacher, who should remain a quiet observer of all that happens. Quotes by Maria Interiors 1870-1952, from Interiors Teachers collective, http://move. Literariness. Mom/pages/quotes_why_Maria_interiors. Asp , 2009 Materials are arranged in an orderly way in the prepared environment on open, accessible shelves, which encourages children to trebly choose and explore. Each piece of material has a special lasting place so that children know where to find it and where to put it away for the next person when finished. This is teaching the child the order. Materials are arranged from the most simple to the m ore complex. Interiors classroom materials are designed to meet the needs of young childrens sensitive periods. The objects in our system are instead a help to the child himself, he chooses what he wants for his own use, and works with it according to his own needs, tendencies and special interests. In this way, the objects become a means of growth. Maria Interiors, Discovery of the child. When introducing the child into the exercise with the censorial materials teacher should present it as a silent presentation. Because Of censorial materials provide training of the senses. The Interiors materials are motivating the childs 5 senses: Visual, Auditory, Tactile, Olfactory and gustatory. Macbeth4 EssayFrom this children learn to keep their environment in order and generally clean and tidy, this also full fills the childs inborn Sensitive period for order. When introducing the language through a censorial material the directress uses the principle of three stage learning, E. G. Largest and smallest pink tower cube, names of the colors. First stage introduce the language by showing the material, 2nd stage ask child to show the material that you have introduce in 1st stage, 3rd period ask the name of the material form the child. Each of the censorial material has direct and indirect aims and prepares the child for later skills in life. For example, learning 10 build the pink tower, ten pink blocks of decreasing size, in censorial not only teaches the child how to build a tower but also prepares for later reading and writing skills by developing the childs fine motor skills such as the pincer-grasp. These preparations may be physical or psychological, such as: developing concentration, but also self respect, social skills and the intelligence. The material also contains a built in Control-of-Error. This control of error may be visual, E. G. The Knobbed cylinders which fit perfectly in their designated hole, f the cylinder is placed incorrectly, the child can see it and the exercise cannot be finished until it is corrected. The child is able to see the final result whether the activity is done correctly or not, This leaves the child free from the teachers correction and suspension, developing the childs indepe ndence and inner desire to practice and improve the exercise. The environment itself will teach the child, if every error he makes is manifest to him, without the intervention of a parent or teacher, who should remain a quiet observer of all that happens.

To His Coy Mistress Essays (1624 words) - To His Coy Mistress

To His Coy Mistress "To His Coy Mistress" is a dramatic monologue, in which the speaker addressed to his lady. In this poem, there are argument and counter-argument, as well as a conclusion. The poem is also different from conventional courtly love poetry, because in the first two stanzas, the speaker used a lot of exaggeration of time and space. The first stanza is the part of argument. From line 1 to 4, the speaker expressed his wish that if he and his lady had enough time, he would take the conventional way to praise and court his lady. But in the following lines, exaggeration of time and space make it clear that conventional way of courtship is simply impossible for them, and such exaggeration serves as an irony to conventional ways of courtship. First, from line 5-10,the speaker used the distance between the Indian Granges and Humber to represent the vast space,and the length of time is suggested by "ten years before the flood... till the conversion of the Jews. " In line 11 and 12, the word, "vegetable" implies the slowly growing sense of the speaker's love; "vaster than empires and more slow"again shows the exaggeration of space and time. From line 13 to 17, the speaker said he would use hundreds of years to praise his lover's different body parts, and such expression only implies their lack of time, line 92: To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell (1681) Lines 41-42: "Let us roll all our strength and all Our sweetness up into one ball," from: T.S. Eliot: Poet and Dramatist by Joseph Chiari: "And after all, would it have been worth while, amid such trivialities, "to have squeezed the universe into a ball", as Marvell proposed to do with his "Coy Mistress"....The argument starts again, and the question is once more raised: should he have dared? And again the same answer: "Would it have been worth while?"-- for the lady, turning towards the window, could say: "That is not it at all, That is not what I meant at all" Issues and Research Sources: Most of Marvell's lyric works were never published in his lifetime, when he was known as an author of political satire attacking religious intolerance and political corruption. Upon his death, his housekeeper, Mary Palmer, sent his manuscript works to press under a Preface she signed "Mary Marvell," suggesting she was his wife. The Marvell canon remained in disarray for two centuries until Herbert Grierson's annotated edition of Marvell's poems (1912) and the critical study, Metaphysical Lyrics (1921). These attracted the attention of T.S. Eliot, whose essay on Marvell brought him to the attention of American critics, as well as continuing a reappraisal of metaphysical poets' strategies. How might this long period of neglect and misunderstanding have changed the way Marvell's work affected later poets? Contrast this with the effects of the works of Chaucer and Shakespeare, which never went out of print and continued to have enormous influence in nearly every generation until the mid-twentieth century. Might unknown poets constitute a potentially revolutionary force against the reigning authorities, or are they unknown for good reasons? Marvell's relationship to the Puritan and Royalist causes seems to have been extremely complex. The library does not have the best political biography, but it is available in the area (H. Kelliher, Andrew Marvell: Poet and Politician [1978]). How might you trace out the Royalist and Parliamentary strains in his poetry? Under what circumstances may a poet's politics be entirely ignored? "To His Coy Mistress" is (with Herrick's "To Maidens to Make Much of Time") one of the era's most famous expressions of the carpe diem motif. Note the comparisons one might make with Donne's and Jonson's poetic flights of fancy regarding the lover's claims about the vast world's riches, and the cosmic scale of time. The phrase "But at my back I always here" shows up in Eliot's "The Wasteland," with a slightly different sound accompanying the persona's observation. Note that, like many Marvell poems, this one unfolds in stanzas that work like verse paragraphs, opening with a hypothetical exposition of timeless love, changing to the dreadful effects of time (see Spenser and Shakespeare), and turning the threat into the motive for reversing the effect of "devouring time" ("Now let us sport us while we may, / And now, like amorous birds of prey, / Rather at once our time devour / Than languish in his slow-chapped power."). His closing three couplets are a triumph of the metaphysical conceit's power to represent the human condition in violent, memorable,

Mathematically Modelling Basketball Shots Essays

Mathematically Modelling Basketball Shots Essays Mathematically Modelling Basketball Shots Essay Mathematically Modelling Basketball Shots Essay The manager of a professional basketball team is having a tough decision in choosing which of his two top scorers this season are better at free-throw shots. The final decision will go towards picking the team for Saturdays Cup Final match. On a training session one week before the match the coach decides to go all out and bring some mathematical genii in to model a situation where Lee Grimes and Dominic Aspbury, the goalscorers, will shoot at the basketball net. The mathematical genii are students from Cambridge and are benefiting from this opportunity in that they will be able to show evidence of coursework for their final exam. Their coursework will be using their abilities to collect data and test the appropriateness of a probability model on a real situation whilst the coachs aim will be to pick the better of the two players for the big game. If the random variables X and Y count the number of independent trials before the event, having a probability p, occurs then X and Y have geometric distributions: P ( X = r ) = q r 1 p where r = 1,2,3, X~G ( p ) and Y~G ( p ) I will define X as being the number of shots required before Lee shoots a basket. Therefore, Y is defined as the number of shots required before Dom shoots a basket. I will be attempting to see if X and Y have geometric distributions by taking samples of X and Y. The populations are the infinite range of shots capable from the two throwers taken in a discrete time period under varied conditions at the same level of skill. This is impossible to create so the coursework will have to involve sampling, therefore not producing results representative of the whole population. For this coursework I can not take random samples because it will not be possible to recreate due to the infinite choices of shot which could occur e.g. fatigue levels, mood type, improvement of skill level throughout the sampling etc. all could differ. I will record a sample of X by asking Lee to shoot a number of baskets and hence work out the relative frequency of success p. This result will allow me to model X as X~G ( p ) . Next I will record a sample for Y by asking Dom to shoot a number of baskets so that another value for the relative frequency of success p can be calculated. I can use the result to model Y as Y~G ( p ) . The conditions I will have to use are going to be as similar as possible to gain independent and identical shots. This will involve: * Five practice shots beforehand so that the feel of shooting is apparent a warm up before starting. * The shots being taken from the same free-throw position which is fifteen feet away from the base of the net and perpendicular to the back line. * The same type of shot being used using one hand to steady the ball and one to project the ball through the air. Same arms used each time. * The weather conditions being similar. In the sports hall there should be no significant alteration of the environment. * Each shot being taken one after the other to gain results, which will be under the most similar conditions. * When the shot is taken; a score implies one basket, a no score implies try again until you succeed. * Continue until the sample of eighty is reached and record all results If the data is successful I may be able to produce a reliable geometric model of the population from the sample enabling me to predict population parameters with greater confidence. Using the parameters I should be able to compare the populations by considering sample parameters. I have chosen a geometric model because it is an infinite distribution requiring discrete random variables and is able to accommodate the infinite range of shots that may be required to score a basket. The sum of all the probabilities will equal one (a probability density function). If X and Y have a geometric distribution, the distribution should look like this: The sample size shall be 80 as a large sample size makes the geometric distribution as accurate as possible for testing purposes. It also allows me to use the chi squared test on the model to check if there is any evidence to suggest that one thrower is better than the other at various critical levels. Assumptions that I am making to allow the model to work are that the trials are: * Identical: The factors are exactly the same. This provides a fair test and is a property of the geometric distribution. * Independent: The trials are not affected by the previous trial. The geometric model states that the events must be independent. No distribution could possibly account for the infinite amount of variables/influences that could occur e.g. improving skill as more shots are scored, fatigue etc. The variable would be different in each case. The five practice shots will make the distribution more geometric as it will warm up the performer beforehand so that they get used to the feel of shooting. * Have two outcomes score a basket or no score. * Repeated to gain the sample size Modelling the situation with a geometric distribution Let X be the number of attempts before a basket is scored for Lee: Probability of scoring a basket: P(score) = sample size/total number of shots = 80/269 = 0.2973977695 This implies X~G( 0.297 ) X can be modelled as a geometric distribution with a probability of scoring first time equal to 29.7% (1 d.p.) Finding Prob(X=r) Therefore P (no score) = 1 P (score) = 1- 0.2973977695 = 0.7026022305 Using the formula: P(X = r) = qr-1p where r = 1, 2, 3: q = probability of not scoring p = probability of scoring P( X = 2) = 0.7026022305 x 0.2939776957 = 0.2065493847 P( X = 3) = 0.7026022305(3-1) x 0.2939776957 = 0.14512205844 Finding Expected Frequency Expected Frequency for (X = r) = Prob (X=r) x sample size Therefore Expected Frequency for (X = 1) = 0.2973977695 x 80 = 23.791821 Expected Frequency for (X = 2) = 0.2065493847 x 80 = 16.7161869 Let Y be the number of attempts taken before a basket is scored for Dom: Probability of scoring a basket: P(score) = sample size/total number of shots = 80/345 = 0.231884058 This implies Y~G ( 0.232 ) Y is geometric with a probability of scoring first time equal to 0.232 (3 d.p.). This result states also that there is a 23.2% chance of scoring on the first attempt and I aim to model these results by a geometric distribution. Therefore P(no score) = 1 0.231884058 = 0.768115942 Therefore for Dom: P (Y = 2) = 0.768115942 x 0.231884058 = 0.1781138416 P (Y = 3) = 0.768115942(3-1) x 0.231884058 = 0.1368120813 Expected Frequencies will be: (Y = 1) = 0.231884058 x 80 = 18.55072464 (Y = 2) = 0.1781138416 x 80 = 14.24910733 Chi Squared Distribution The chi-squared distribution can be applied to measure the goodness of fit for the geometric models. It will examine the goodness of the model by considering the number of possible outcomes of the events and will analyse the validity of the assumptions. Thevalue will be expected to be small to suggest that the model fits the real distribution. A large value would suggest that the model is unlikely to be correct so I will use a 10% critical region to test it. * If thevalue lies within the critical region then, assuming the model is correct, it would mean that there is less then 10% chance of a result as high as this occurring. We reject the model as a consequence and conclude insufficient sampling etc. * Alternatively, if the value lies outside the critical region, the result is valid and there is a larger possibility of the value being what it is. The model is assumed to be correct and the model is accepted. Conclusion would be to state that the statistical model is appropriate to the situation and the assumptions are correct. In the tables, the expected and observed frequencies were calculated but how close together are the values? The closer the observed value to the expected value the more accurate the geometric model will be. The goodness of fit statistic is: where O = Observed Frequency E = Expected Frequency To find the best measure of goodness of fit, add up all values for each statistic and compare with the 2 probability distribution tables. The chi squared test should only be used if the expected frequency of a cell is more than five which means some of the groups are going to have to be combined. This enables the chi-squared distribution to be better approximated. The total frequency of expected frequencies should also be over 50. This makes the chi squared test work at a more accurate level. Lees chi squared test Using the equation : As we can see by the result = 7 To analyse the result with the chi squared test the number of degrees of freedom have to be established following this procedure: Degrees of Freedom = Number of Cells Number of Constraints In Lees table there are seven cells. The number of constraints is two because: o A sample size of eighty is one constraint: The sample has to be eighty. o The probability is another constraint: The mean of the model has to equal the mean of the data so we used the data to work this value out. * Therefore: Degrees of Freedom = 7 2 = 5 * at 10% critical level i.e. prob ( ) = 0.9 * but observed value of = 7.478504913 * 7.478 is less than 9.236 * therefore, the value is not in the critical region (result taken from probability distribution table) The value is not in the critical region implying the model is significant enough to use. Lees results fit into the geometric distribution model and therefore it is a good model for Lees data. There is evidence to suggest that the assumptions are true and therefore we accept the assumptions as part of the geometric model. See graph above for explanation of what the results show. Doms Chi Squared Test Using the equation : As we can see by the result = 5.694287179 * Degrees of Freedom = 8 2 = 6 * at 10% critical level i.e. prob ( ) = 0.9 * but observed value of = 5.694287179 * 5.694 is less than 10.645 * therefore, the value is not in the critical region (result taken from probability distribution table) Doms results fit into the geometric model, as the value is not in the critical region of 10%. We can assume that the geometric model was a good model to use for his results. We can again accept the assumptions as there is no evidence to suggest they do not fit into the geometric distribution. See graph above for an explanation of what the results shows. Both results are comfortably in the geometric distribution proving that they are reliable results/models and the assumptions made are valid. We can adapt Doms model so that five degrees of freedom can be used giving the same accuracy as Lees result. I am predicting that it wouldnt affect the results because there would need to be a dramatic increase in the value for it to be of any significance. Both performers have had their results analysed at the same number of degrees of freedom and there was no significant difference. It shows no alteration for the final conclusion and still no evidence is available to reject the models. Both results have shown X and Y can be modelled by the geometric distribution. By knowing this I could produce confidence intervals for any parameters I estimate from the distributions. However at this stage I will calculate the relevant parameter for this piece of coursework. I will estimate the expected number of shots required by Lee and Dom to score a basket. Expected Mean Values To find out the expected mean value for a geometric distribution it is defined as the sum to infinity of: all the probabilities, which are multiplied by the value of X (in Lees case), Y (in Doms case). This can be simplified conveniently to 1/p where p is the probability of scoring when X = 1 For Lee the expected mean value would be E[X] = = 3.3625 (4 d.p.) For Dom the expected mean value would be E[Y] = (4 d.p.) These results demonstrate the average amount of shots it takes until the performer scores. Lee, having a lower expected mean value than Dom, is shown to be the better free-thrower as he takes an average of approximately three shots to score, unlike four shown in Doms case. The total number of shots can be a very rough indicator of who seems to be the better free thrower. Lee took 269 shots and Dom accomplished 345 shots to score 80 baskets. Does this imply that Lee is more accurate? According to the expected mean values and the probabilities of scoring for each model it reinforces Lees success where all three tests are in his favour. There is a much higher chance now of Lee being picked for the game on Saturday. A factor of the investigation was whether taking constant shots at the basket improved performance. This may happen because training has occurred and the brain is learning from past mistakes. The question being asked is, were the five practice shots enough practice to enable an independent model to be produced or should it not have occurred? Raw data results were recorded in two stages; first 40 and second 40 and it suggests small decreases in many of the cells for 2nd 40 especially in Doms case. Lower values of X or Y become more frequent in the 2nd 40. This complicates results and so is a factor to consider if the coursework is completed again. The decreases in the higher X or Y values and the increases in the smaller X or Y values suggest evidence of fatigue, boredom, frustration etc. I can say now that skill level did not increase during the collection of the sample size but what is more likely to have occurred is the opposite. The explanation for Dom being more tired, bored or frustrated is probably because he shot a total of 345 baskets whereas Lee completed his in 269 shots. Two parent populations (X and Y) have been tested against geometric probability models and it so happens that they fit very snugly into them. Therefore, we can apply the knowledge that counting the amount of times before a basket is scored is modelled very well using a geometric distribution. There may be only two populations but they both show noticeable differences in their results and remain well within the statistical model. I will assume that it is highly probable for most other populations to fit into the geometric distribution on the basis that my models are very appropriate for the investigation. I have modelled the basketball situation in a real life atmosphere and the model was successful. Even though the situation is based on a theoretical distribution it was modelled appropriately. The club should now prepare for Lee having the role of free-thrower in this Saturdays cup final and accepting the fact that Dom is on the subs bench for the start of the game The data sampling was very organised and strict but not random. To have taken a random sample would mean: * Watching a random sample of club games throughout the season * Watching a sample of free-throws made by the performers from the game * Calculate who is most accurate A problem with this is time, as it would take a year to go through just one season, therefore it is impractical and illogical. The physical form of the player should also alter throughout the season so a random sample of more than one season would have to be made. A much better way is to watch all training sessions and take a general overview of who supplies the most points in miniature matches from free throws. This gives more of a view of consistency than on the day performance but during game situations the performer will be thinking more logically. A sample of eighty straight baskets is tedious and will affect performance. Modifications * Use a longer time period. The performers were rushed to collect their sample size within two hours as a result of school timetabling and so one of them had to rush his last twenty shots. * Use the same time period i.e. one performer did it one day and the other completed it the next day. Conditions may have been different and morale, energy etc may be variated for both Dom and Lee * Use foot-mats on the floor so that it indicates an exact position for the feet to stand instead of just using the line. This may be an insignificant difference but to improve the coursework it is better than no difference at all. * Using the same basketball. Half way through the sample collection the basketball was lost leaving us the trouble of having to use another basketball maybe of different weight, age etc and possibly affecting the results Improvements * I would like to calculate confidence intervals for both expected values (X and Y) to determine my degree of confidence in Lee being a better freethrower. * I would also like to be able to see if my result E[X] = E[Y] was statistically significant

How to Write a Descriptive Observational Essay

How to Write a Descriptive Observational Essay Your first task in writing a descriptive essay is to choose a topic that has many interesting parts or qualities to talk about. Unless you have a really vivid imagination, youll find it difficult to write much about a simple object like a comb, for example. Its best to compare a few topics first to make sure theyll work. The next challenge is to figure out the best way to describe your chosen subject in such a way as to relay a complete experience to the reader, so that he or she is able to see, hear, and feel through your words. Organize Thoughts Before Drafting As in any writing, the drafting stage is key to writing a successful descriptive essay. Since the purpose of the essay is to paint a mental image of a specific subject, it helps to make a list of all the things you associate with your topic. For example, if your subject is the farm where you visited your grandparents as a child you would list all the things you associate with that place. Your list should include both general attributes associated with a farm and the more personal and specific things that make it special to you and the reader. Start with general details CornfieldsPigsCowsGardenFarmhouseWell Then add the unique details: That spot by the pig barn where you fell in the manure.Playing hide and seek in the cornfields.Picking wild greens for dinner with your grandmother.The stray dogs that always wandered onto the farm.Scary coyotes howling in the night. By tying these details together you can make the essay more relatable to the reader. Making these lists will allow you to see how you can tie things from each list together. Describing Descriptions   At this stage, you should determine a good order for the objects youll describe. For example, if you are describing an object, you should determine whether you want to describe its appearance from top to bottom or side to side. Remember that it is important to begin your essay on a general level and work your way down to specifics. Start by outlining a simple five-paragraph essay with three main topics. Then you may expand on this basic outline. Next, you will begin to construct a thesis statement and a trial topic sentence for each main paragraph. The thesis sentence should convey your overall impression of your subject. Does it make you happy? Is it attractive or ugly? Is your object useful?Each topic sentence should introduce a new part or stage of your chosen topic. Dont worry, you can change these sentences later. Its time to start writing paragraphs! Beginning to Draft As you build your paragraphs, you should avoid confusing the reader by bombarding them with unfamiliar information immediately; you must ease your way into your topic in your introductory paragraph. For example, instead of saying, The farm was where I spent most summers holidays. During the summer we played hide and seek in the cornfields and walked through the cow pastures to pick wild greens for supper. Nana always carried a gun for snakes. Instead, give the reader a broad view of your subject and work your way into the details. A better example would be: In a small rural town in central Ohio was a farm surrounded by miles of cornfields. In this place, on many warm summer days, my cousins and I would run through the cornfields playing hide and seek or making our own crop circles as clubhouses. My grandparents, whom I called Nana and Papa, lived on this farm for many years. The old farmhouse was large and always full of people, and it was surrounded by wild animals. I spent many of my childhood summers and holidays here. It was the family gathering place. Another simple rule of thumb to remember is show dont tell. If you want to describe a feeling or action you should reinvent it through the senses rather than just state it. For example, instead of: I got excited every time we pulled into the driveway of my grandparents house. Try to elaborate on what was really going on in your head: After sitting for several hours in the back seat of the car, I found the slow crawl up the driveway to be absolute torture. I just knew Nana was inside waiting with freshly baked pies and treats for me. Papa would have some toy or trinket hidden somewhere but he would pretend not to recognize me for a few minutes just to tease me before he gave it to me. As my parents would struggle to pry the suitcases out of the trunk, I would bounce all the way up the porch and rattle the door until someone finally let me in. The second version paints a picture and puts the reader in the scene. Anyone can be excited. What your reader needs and wants to know is, what makes it exciting? Keep It Specific Finally, dont try to cram too much into one paragraph. Use each paragraph to describe a different aspect of your subject. Check to make sure that your essay flows from one paragraph to the next with good transition statements. The conclusion of your paragraph is where you can tie everything together and restate the thesis of your essay. Take all the details and summarize what they mean to you and why it is important.

The First Arab-Israeli War and the Palestinian Refugee Problem Essay

The First Arab-Israeli War and the Palestinian Refugee Problem - Essay Example After American abandonment of Israel, a Jewish state in the midst of Arab and Palestinian enemies, I agree with you in claiming it was inevitable for Israel to militarize in order to realize and sustain their interests in the Middle East. Finally, even though Israel had to militarize fast, the motive of partitioning remains unknown, and I agree when you claim the war resulted from a multiplicity of factors at local, national, and international levels. For many years, the Middle East has been a region of frequent conflicts, and even today violence beginning with the Arab revolution spread throughout the region with unimaginable consequences of their social, political, economic, and cultural organization. Many wars in the Middle East could be avoided, but local, national, regional and international interests make war inevitable, and I agree when you employ this applies to the first Arab-Israeli War. It is true Palestinians were ill prepared for the war and these questions the motives for the war. I believe the war resulted from differences between Britain and America over the fate of the Middle East. Considering the arms embargo, America’s abandonment of Israel, and disunity between Arab countries about the Palestinian crisis, I agree when you claim Britain, America, and Arab countries were concerned about gaining territorial possessions than they were about the crisis in Palestine. Therefore, the fate of Palestine was influe nced by the interplay between various factors.

If you want high performance, recruitment and selection is the most Essay - 1

If you want high performance, recruitment and selection is the most important function in HRM. Get that right and everything else falls into place''. Discuss - Essay Example It is essential that the process of recruitment should be planned, organized, and performed in a way that will lead to success. In the process of recruiting employees, there is an element of prediction, which is not a favorable aspect for recruitment. Effective policies for recruitment are helpful in making the decisions in a more organized manner to achieve the degree of uncertainty. The implementation of the effective process for recruitment cannot be ignored; it requires the proper devotion of time and interest of the managers towards this responsibility for the well-being of the organization. Recruitment provides the opportunity to present a favorable conditions or a platform for an organization to grow and prosper by recruiting the right persons (Price, 2007). The main objective of recruitment and selection is to find the best and effective recruitment sources which will help in hiring the best individuals from the market. Moreover, the other important objective is to retain these employees in the organization. The success lies within the selection of the right candidate and providing them the right environment and right benefits. The organization needs to follow and implement the correct recruitment procedure: The first and most important function of recruitment is to identify the need of an individual to be hired, i.e. designing a job description. Specifying the areas where an employee will be required in the organization. It is important to consider the term and conditions and policies along with the core values of the organization (Jackson, Schuler, & Werner, 2009). It is the most creative part of the job. Searching for employees internally is not a big goal to achieve or may not give an interest of gaining an opportunity. Major factor is to create attraction for the outside employees to join the organization. This involves some foreign bodies to act in for recruitment and take

Aplastic Anemia Essay Example for Free

Aplastic Anemia Essay Aplasitc anemia is a very rare blood disorder. Sometimes, it is connected with leukemia; it could be a result from chemotherapy given to leukemia patients. In aplastic anemia, the bone marrow does not make the necessary blood cells needed in the blood; however, leukemia is when the blood cells are deformed and not working properly. Leukemia is a cancer where as aplastic anemia is not. Chemotherapy treatment for cancer can lead to the secondary condition of aplastic anemia that may cause slowing down of producing blood cells. What are the anatomical and physiological symptoms and causes for aplastic anemia? What is the diagnosis and what treatments are available for aplastic anemia? One symptom is fatigue from being anemic. Anemia is when the red blood cells are low in the blood. The red blood cells carry the oxygen from your lungs to all parts of the body (Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation, Inc. ). This will cause fatigue when the body does not get enough oxygen. There is a little more than just low red blood count in cells in aplastic anemia. It is when the body doesn’t produce all three different blood cells that the body has: white blood cells, red blood cells, and the platelets termed pancytopenia (Wikipedia). In aplastic anemia, it is when the bone marrow stops producing or slows down in producing these new blood cells. The white ones or leukocytes are to fight infections in the body by attacking and killing bacteria and viruses (Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation, Inc. ), so with out them patients easily catch viruses. A low white blood cell count is called neutropenia (Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation, Inc. . The other is the platelets; they are for blood clots. A low platelet count is called thrombocytopenia (Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation, Inc. ). A low platelet count leads to another symptom that would be uncontrolled bleeding because the body does not have the platelets to stop the bleeding. You can also causes bruising and petechiae (Wikipedia). Some of the other symptoms include shortness of breath, headache, pallor and, ultimately tachycardia and heart failure (Lippincott 508). Bone tenderness should not be present (Mc Phee 454). The cause for aplastic anemia develops when the bone marrow is damaged or in some cases is unknown. About 75 out of 100 cases of acquired aplastic anemia are idiopathic (Aplastic Anemia MDS International Foundation, Inc. ). This means they have no known cause. Sometimes, the case can be from radiation and chemotherapy treatment used for cancer. This can destroy the healthy cells in the bone marrow leading to the secondary condition. Some other causes for secondary condition of aplastic anemia are toxic chemicals and certain drugs, such as the chemical benzene that is found in gasoline, or with the use of certain drugs, including chloramphenicol[-0], carbamazepine[-1], felbamate[-2], phenytoin[-3], quinine[-4], and phenylbutazone[-5] (Wikipedia). Chloramphenicol treatment is followed by aplasia in less than 1 in 40,000 treatment courses, and carbamazepine aplasia is even more rare (Wikipedia). The medication for rheumatoid arthritis is connected to ones getting aplastic anemia; this would be called also a secondary condition when aplastic anemia appears. Likewise Lupus, an autoimmune disorder, can attack the healthy stem cells. This would cause the slowing down or stopping of making the blood cells the body needs. The rest may result from immunologic factors (unconfirmed), severe disease (especially hepatitis), viral infection (especially children), or preleukemic and neoplastic infiltration of bone marrow (Lippincott 397). Therefore, to confirm a diagnosis for aplastic anemia they first take a blood sample to see if the blood count is low. If that shows up low in all the blood cells, the next step is to take a bone marrow sample or biopsy. The bone marrow is usually taken from the large hip bone by a needle. The sample is looked at in a microscope to rule out leukemia, which the blood cells would look abnormal and would be the reason the blood cells are not working properly. However, aplastic anemia would show very little red and white blood cells in the blood stream. Some options of treatment given to patients are medications, bone marrow transplant, and blood transfusion (MayoClinic). Just recently, they have stem cell transplants. The medications are immunosuppressive combine with cyclosporine. Maybe one of the causes is the immune system is attacking its own good blood cells, and these drugs will slow down the process. This medication treatment is usually given until the patient can get a stem cell transplant. The other medication can be used with the immunosuppressive is the growth factor. The new genetically engineered growth factor drugs help with making new white blood cells. That is really important, since the body makes a blood cell that only last for awhile, so the body is always generating new blood cells. However, aplastic anemia patients body for some reason stops this process. The other medicines used are antibiotics either to help prevent infections or already established infection, since the immune system is weak and would not be unable to fight of a common cold. Most likely the doctor will administer them before an infection appears, so that the patient will not get an infection. Those are the medications used and if the condition doesn’t improve, the patient would await for a bone marrow transplant. The bone marrow transplant might have been the first choice, which the medication is administered until the patient can find a match donor. The bone marrow transplant is usually a successful treatment to cure aplastic anemia in people under 55 years old (Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation, Inc. ). Bone marrow transplantation from a related, matched donor can treat aplastic anemia – without recurrence- in about four out of five cases (MayoClinic). Up to half the people with matched, but unrelated, donors can expect to have successful bone marrow transplants (MayoClinic). There’s a chance that your body may reject the transplant, leading to life-threatening complications (MayoClinic). The bone marrow transplant uses a matched blood type. When found, the donor will have surgically removed some of his or her healthy bone marrow. It is then injected intravenously in the blood to the patient. The donated bone marrow will collect to the patient’s bone marrow and help with making new blood cells; it may take two to four weeks to show the new blood cells are producing. Before they even give the aplastic patient the donated marrow, they give them chemo to get rid of the diseased marrow, and will also be administered drugs to help prevent rejection of the bone marrow. Another precaution a doctor may limit the number of blood transfusions before the operation to avoid complications. Technology is advancing that they can use stem cells now instead of bone marrow transplant. The new stem cell transplant is taken from the bone marrow, umbilical cord, or the blood stream of the donor. They just get the stem cell from either of those places, and again like the bone marrow transplant, place the stem cell into the blood stream of the patient. The patient will be given chemo before the procedure as in the bone marrow transplant. This time the complication of the new stem cells will create an immune system that attacks the body of the donor, instead of the body rejecting as in the bone marrow transplant. If this does occur, they also have drugs that will help combat this. The treatment of blood transfusion is not usually used because it is a treatment for fatigue. Fatigue is not a medical emergency. First, use rest to see if it alleviates the symptom. White blood cells only last a day because that is how long they last in the body. That is why the bone marrow is important in making the new cells the body needs. The other complication that blood transfusions may cause is hemorrhaging. For long term recovery, they usually need other treatment along with this procedure. Aplastic anemia is a very rare disease and affects very few people. It is not contagious. It is more commonly diagnosed in young adults and children. It can affect any age group anytime in life and the illness might be brief, also it can come on suddenly or slowly. The symptoms vary depending on the blood cells that they are low in. The patient could have a slight case that might just be observed or to a severe case that needs treatment. A doctor should be the one to make the diagnoses and treatments. Doctors estimate that there are about 900 new cases of aplastic anemia diagnosed in the United States each year (Aplastic Anemia MDS International Foundation, Inc. . Patients need to be extra careful not to get an infection because the body having low white blood cell count would have a hard time combating against viruses. Steps are also taken to prevent hemorrhage: avoiding parenteral injections, suggesting the use of an electric razor, humidifying oxygen to prevent dry mucous membranes, and promoting regular bowel movement (Venes 116). Mortality for aplastic anemias with severe pancytopenia is 80% to 90% (Lippincott 507). In advancing technology today, why not consider to be a bone marrow donor that could save lives of others.

the story of mel :: essays research papers

"do real programmers program in fortran?" Maybe they do now, in this decadent era of Lite beer, hand calculators and "user-friendly" software but back in the Good Old Days, when the term "software" sounded funny and Real Computers were made out of drums and vacuum tubes, Real Programmers wrote in machine code. Not Fortran. Not RATFOR. Not, even, assembly language. Machine Code.Raw, unadorned, inscrutable hexadecimal numbers. Directly. Lest a whole new generation of programmers grow up in ignorance of this glorious past, I feel duty-bound to describe, as best I can through the generation gap, how a Real Programmer wrote code. I'll call him Mel, because that was his name. I first met Mel when I went to work for Royal McBee Computer Corp., a now-defunct subsidiary of the typewriter company. The firm manufactured the LGP-30, a small, cheap (by the standards of the day) drum-memory computer, and had just started to manufacture the RPC-4000, a much-improved, bigger, better, faster -- drum-memory computer. Cores cost too much, and weren't here to stay, anyway. (That's why you haven't heard of the company, or the computer.) I had been hired to write a Fortran compiler for this new marvel and Mel was my guide to its wonders. Mel didn't approve of compilers. "If a program can't rewrite its own code," he asked, "what good is it?" Mel had written, in hexadecimal, the most popular computer program the company owned. It ran on the LGP-30 and played blackjack with potential customers at computer shows. Its effect was always dramatic. The LGP-30 booth was packed at every show, and the IBM salesmen stood around talking to each other. Whether or not this actually sold computers was a question we never discussed. Mel's job was to re-write the blackjack program for the RPC-4000. (Port? What does that mean?) The new computer had a one-plus-one addressing scheme, in which each machine instruction, in addition to the operation code and the address of the needed operand, had a second address that indicated where, on the revolving drum, the next instruction was located. In modern parlance, every single instruction was followed by a GO TO! Put *that* in Pascal's pipe and smoke it. Mel loved the RPC-4000 because he could optimize his code: that is, locate instructions on the drum so that just as one finished its job, the next would be just arriving at the "read head" and available for immediate execution. the story of mel :: essays research papers "do real programmers program in fortran?" Maybe they do now, in this decadent era of Lite beer, hand calculators and "user-friendly" software but back in the Good Old Days, when the term "software" sounded funny and Real Computers were made out of drums and vacuum tubes, Real Programmers wrote in machine code. Not Fortran. Not RATFOR. Not, even, assembly language. Machine Code.Raw, unadorned, inscrutable hexadecimal numbers. Directly. Lest a whole new generation of programmers grow up in ignorance of this glorious past, I feel duty-bound to describe, as best I can through the generation gap, how a Real Programmer wrote code. I'll call him Mel, because that was his name. I first met Mel when I went to work for Royal McBee Computer Corp., a now-defunct subsidiary of the typewriter company. The firm manufactured the LGP-30, a small, cheap (by the standards of the day) drum-memory computer, and had just started to manufacture the RPC-4000, a much-improved, bigger, better, faster -- drum-memory computer. Cores cost too much, and weren't here to stay, anyway. (That's why you haven't heard of the company, or the computer.) I had been hired to write a Fortran compiler for this new marvel and Mel was my guide to its wonders. Mel didn't approve of compilers. "If a program can't rewrite its own code," he asked, "what good is it?" Mel had written, in hexadecimal, the most popular computer program the company owned. It ran on the LGP-30 and played blackjack with potential customers at computer shows. Its effect was always dramatic. The LGP-30 booth was packed at every show, and the IBM salesmen stood around talking to each other. Whether or not this actually sold computers was a question we never discussed. Mel's job was to re-write the blackjack program for the RPC-4000. (Port? What does that mean?) The new computer had a one-plus-one addressing scheme, in which each machine instruction, in addition to the operation code and the address of the needed operand, had a second address that indicated where, on the revolving drum, the next instruction was located. In modern parlance, every single instruction was followed by a GO TO! Put *that* in Pascal's pipe and smoke it. Mel loved the RPC-4000 because he could optimize his code: that is, locate instructions on the drum so that just as one finished its job, the next would be just arriving at the "read head" and available for immediate execution.

Oxalate ION Essay

The dissociation of protons from oxalic acid proceeds in a stepwise manner as for other polyprotic acids. Loss of a single proton results in the monovalent hydrogenoxalate anion HC2O4−. A salt with this anion is sometimes called an acid oxalate, monobasic oxalate, or hydrogen oxalate. The equilibrium constant (Ka) for loss of the first proton is 5.37Ãâ€"10−2 (pKa = 1.27). The loss of the second proton, which yields the oxalate ion has an equilibrium constant of 5.25Ãâ€"10−5 (pKa = 4.28). These values imply that, in solutions with neutral pH, there is no oxalic acid, and only trace amounts of hydrogen oxalate.[1] The literature is often unclear on the distinction between H2C2O4, HC2O4-, and C2O42-, and the collection of species is referred to oxalic acid. otany patnawomenscollege.in/journal Explore, 2010, Page No. 63–67 Vol. II No. 2 Analysis of oxalate of fresh and stored tomato juice Devshikha*, Nitya Priyadarshi*, Sukriti Rani Prasad** *B.Sc. –II year (2008-2011), Department of Botany, Patna Women’s College, Patna University **Lecturer (Gue Premium663 Words3 Pages Study of Oxalate Ion St. John’s Senior Secondary School and Junior College Mandaveli Chennai – 600028 A CHEMISTRY PROJECT â€Å"STUDY OF THE OXALATE ION CONTENT IN GUAVA FRUIT† Submitted in the partial Fulfilment of the requirement for AISSCE 2010-2011 By Abdud Dayan Adeeb Of Class XII C St. John’s Senior Premium1368 Words6 Pages Oxalate Oxalate From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The structure of the oxalate anion A ball-and stick model of oxalate Oxalate (IUPAC: ethanedioate) is the dianion with the formula C2O42−, also written (COO)22−. Either name is often used for derivatives, such as

Ethical Theory Comparison

Ethics are a part of everyday life. Dependent on the individuals focus, ethics can be a core value or a term used when needed. This comparison will assist with understanding the morality of individual decisions or choices based on the ethical system inherited. Virtue based theories centers on good character behavior, a type of human growth that forms good decision making and control of bad habits. Virtue also creates a format that eliminates moral conflict over time. An individual with strong virtue ethics will make decisions naturally.Correct moral decisions require correct motives. Utilitarianism concentrates on the right and wrong of the end result. It includes the interest of others as well as personal interest. To understand what moral is under this theory simply judge the good and bad of a situation. Unlike deontological ethics, this eliminates the thought of others and creates the image of selfishness. This theory does not set well with common religious followers. (Voytinsky, 2011). Deontological ethics focus on the reason why we do or act. This practice would allow rules to be broken as long as the moral duty is protected.Pain and pleasure will not satisfy action under the theory. Obligations are written in stone. The moral principle is maintained regardless of consequential occurrence. Deontological ethics are common among religious practices. (Cline, 2013). I joined the military at twenty on with strong Christian ties. A recruiter convinced me that my job was non-combative. My worry, of course, was not to harm or kill another human being. Saudi Arabia told a different story.I was faced with; shooting to kill to protect myself and my comrades, or honoring commandments. My religious beliefs would have put me in military prison. I would have also become a target among my peers. I was forced to accept the utilitarianism approach in order to survive and return home to my family.The scope of all things ethical may become slightly misunderstood due to the mo rality of each individual. Strong beliefs or a sound knowledge of what’s right to you may create the conflict of a life time. Understanding these  differences describe in this writing will help to understand the complete picture. Each ethical theory has its value in life. Being aware will allow us to facilitate conflict, conversations, or debates with proper knowledge of which ethical value is used, discussed, or misunderstood.

Wright and Dostoevsky essays

Wright and Dostoevsky essays Both Fyodor Dostoyevsky, in Crime and Punishment and Richard Wright, in Native Son look to men who have been pushed beyond reason into murder, and both authors ask us what justice means in such a context. The answers that the authors provide are quite different - which should hardly be surprising since both authors suggest that ideas of justice must reflect the local realities of life in a given place and time and the settings for each of the novels is dramatically different. But the answers that each provides are also strikingly open-ended: We must ourselves decide in the end what justice was granted and what denied to Both novels ask us to decide for ourselves what moral action is possible in a society in which justice is scarce, and our answer to that question in large measure will reflect our own experiences of how justice A Man With No Place To Go Wright's novel - arguably one of the most influential American books of the 20th century - relates the story of Bigger Thomas, a man who had never had a fair chance in life because of the racism he faces as an African-American. We see him traveling downward through society and we can predict that his actions will lead him (as in fact they do) to crime and punishment. As a young black man in a decade (the 1930s) and a place (Chicago) that sees him as only being of possible use as a slightly more intelligent than average beast of burden) he is trapped and made desperate by a future in which the walls will continue to close in on him. His desperation, and his anger (as well as his underlying personality) lead him to the edge of violence and then push him over and he murders a young white woman. From this moment on he cannot hope to find any help, any hope, in a society that already had very little use He is abandon...

Seesaw Candle Fire Magic Trick

Seesaw Candle Fire Magic Trick The seesaw candle magic trick is a fire science trick that teaches how combustion and Newtons Third Law of Motion work. A candle, balanced between a pair of glasses, rocks or seesaws up and down on its own. The motion continues as long as the candle continues to burn. If one side of the candle starts out heavier than the other, the motion of the candle will act to equalize the mass on either side of the pivot point. Its a simple trick, but eye-catching and interesting! Seesaw Candle Trick Materials Long candleNeedle2 glasses or jars that are the same height Long, thin candles work best for this trick. You can even use a pair of candles that are connected to each other. Procedure The first step is to expose wick at both ends of the candle so take a look at the bottom of the candle. If it has some wick pressed onto the bottom of the wax, loosen it so that you will be able to light it. On the other hand, if there isnt any wick at the bottom of the candle, use a knife to cut away enough of the candle to expose wick. You dont need a particularly sharp knife. In fact, its better to use a dull knife so that you dont accidentally cut the wick.Push the needle through the candle about halfway down its length. You dont have to be exact, but if you arent very good at gauging halfway points, then use a ruler to measure your candle, divide that number by two and push the needle through the candle at that point. If the candle wax is soft, you may be able to push the needle through the candle with minimal effort, but if the wax is hard or your candle is thick, then grasp the needle with pliers or tweezers, heat it in a flame and push it through the candle. The hot needle sh ould pass through the wax fairly easily. The trick still works if you accidentally bend the needle. Balance the needle and candle between a pair of glasses. It is okay if one end of the candle is heavier than the other.Light both ends of the candle. The candle will rock up and down, like a seesaw. You can watch a video of the project if youd like to see what to expect. How It Works The candle moves in response to forces acting on it, trying to reach equilibrium. The combustion reaction turns the candle wax into carbon dioxide gas and water vapor, making the burning end of a candle lighter. If one side of the candle burns more quickly than the other, the lighter side of the candle moves up. The lower side of the candle is angled such that the flame melts the wax, causing it to drip down. This not only lessens the mass at that end of the candle, but the force from the dripping wax actually pushes the end of the candle up! This is Newtons Third Law of Motion, which states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. More Fire and Candle Science Magic Traveling Flame Candle Magic TrickBlow Out a Candle with Chemical MagicTrick Birthday CandlesEdible Candle Trick Tips and Safety This is a fire project, so use adult supervision and avoid trying this trick near curtains, pets, gasoline... you get the picture.​Lighter candles respond more dramatically to changes in mass than heavier ones. Ergo, lighter candles will give you a better range of motion than heavier candles. If you use a very big candle, you wont see much motion at all. When in doubt, lighten up! Disclaimer: Please be advised that the content provided by our website is for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. Fireworks and the chemicals contained within them are dangerous and should always be handled with care and used with common sense. By using this website you acknowledge that ThoughtCo., its parent About, Inc. (a/k/a Dotdash), and IAC/InterActive Corp. shall have no liability for any damages, injuries, or other legal matters caused by your use of fireworks or the knowledge or application of the information on this website. The providers of this content specifically do not condone using fireworks for disruptive, unsafe, illegal, or destructive purposes. You are responsible for following all applicable laws before using or applying the information provided on this website.

Tuner circuit tt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tuner circuit tt - Essay Example The reader will have an overall concept of the use of tuner circuits as well as the theory behind them. One of the most essential circuits in the communication field is a tuner circuit. (Godse & Bakshi, 2010) stated that a tuner circuit can be defined as a speaker that amplifies specific band of frequencies. Also, a tuner circuit can be used in televisions and radio. It is thus important to study tuner circuits because they are used in nearly all electronic devices, including remote-controlled model aircrafts and space satellites. Tuner circuits work when the amplifier plays an important thing in electrical and electronic devices. The work of an amplifier here is to add to the amplitude of a signal waveform, devoid of altering other constraints of the waveform, such as frequency or wave shape (Learnabout-electronics.org, 2015). Tuner circuits come in different types such as tuned amplifier, which is used to select and amplify a specific high frequency or narrow band of frequencies. To achieve these things in a circuit, resistive load is replaced by a parallel tuned circuit (LC), whose impedance is strongly achieved upon frequency (Transistor Tuned Amplifiers). Resonance frequency occurs when the inductor and capacitor are equal. This report will show the establishment, the point at which the frequencies of the input signal on output is produced, discuss the results, and explain the operation of the circuit. Table 1 shows the equipments that were used in the report, while connecting them to oscilloscope, to show the changing of the waveform with changing frequencies and function generator Input signal: 100mV peak-to-peak 5k Hz to 500k Hz. The Q factor or the Quality factor refers to the ratio of energy that is in a circuit to the energy that is lost in one cycle (Godse & Bakshi, 2010). Internal resistance of a circuit and the implementation of the magnetic field cause

E-Business and Value Chains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

E-Business and Value Chains - Essay Example This paper will seek to develop e-value and e-customer chains in terms of e-business to show the means by which information technology (IT) has been influencing the Virgin Atlantic Airways apparel business innovation, transformation, and development among other benefits (Godwin, 2009:4). Additionally, this paper will focus on opportunities brought about by electronic business and asses strengths as well as weaknesses experienced by this organization due to information technology. Changes in supply chain management practices of Virgin Atlantic Airways Virgin Atlantic Airways is an acclaimed leader in the aviation industry. Being the first airline to introduce or launch customer for the Airbus A340-600, it accords its name a great deal of success and innovation (Buhalis, 2003:7). This airline revolutionized the business when it created the Upper Class ‘Suite’ and started offering regular services to 25 destinations globally. With development of internet, the supply chain m anagement and practices of this airline transformed. This is because; information communication technologies transformed the entire business world of aviation. In particular, the airline industry fostered its dependency on technology due to its strategic and operational management. Virgin Atlantic Airways was an early adopter of information communication technolo

E-commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

E-commerce - Essay Example Users of internet-enabled mobile phones have higher chances of picking up more sales conveniently and ensure continuous contact with customers. First, participants have to check their current e-commerce sites on mobile devices. Checking site means going through all possible paths by conducting product purchase, testing a coupon code, verifying the zoom and pop out of a product (Oestges, 2011). Finally repeat checking to all mobile browsers such as goggle chrome and opera. A sensitive design is a web layout that is flexible for different devices such as laptops, smartphones and tablets. A web developer tweaks a web code and start up the process of designing. It is advisable to constantly monitor buttons, forms and all possible interactive elements to maximize interactions with mobile phone users. Usually, a constant checkout process gives more sales. Post the company’s profile and the product on the website. A welcoming phrase is highly appropriate. For example, one would say; ‘welcome to a new luxury fashion shop with amazing products that meet all customers’ taste and preferences’. You can make posts like; do you ever buy online with your phone? Why or why not? Wake up any store using your own mobile phone, ‘your fashion-your pride’. Some interesting adverts would carry the day across the world major communication platforms. Some adverts such as â€Å"The world faces a parading shift in business; today the world is marveling to enjoy the first ever easiest trading in the luxurious fashion† design over Mobile phone devices would enhance the establishment of the business in e-commerce. Some would read like, â€Å"enjoy luxurious fashion wear at your comfort; you only need to click on your mobile phone buttons to enjoy marvelous services.† You can make a subdomain and redirect anyone on a mobile device to your websites. For example, a site like hi-luxuryfashion.com can build a mobile website that resides in

The field of nuclear physics

The field of nuclear physics Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies the building blocks and interactions of atomic nuclei. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power and nuclear weapons, but the research has provided wider applications, including those in medicine (nuclear medicine, magnetic resonance imaging), materials engineering (ion implantation) and archaeology (radiocarbon dating). The field of particle physics evolved out of nuclear physics and, for this reason, has been included under the same term in earlier times. The discovery of the electron by J. J. Thomson was the first indication that the atom had internal structure. At the turn of the 20th century the accepted model of the atom was J. J. Thomsons plum pudding model in which the atom was a large positively charged ball with small negatively charged electrons embedded inside of it. By the turn of the century physicists had also discovered three types of radiation coming from atoms, which they named alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Experiments in 1911 by Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn, and by James Chadwick in 1914 discovered that the beta decay spectrum was continuous rather than discrete. That is, electrons were ejected from the atom with a range of energies, rather than the discrete amounts of energies that were observed in gamma and alpha decays. This was a problem for nuclear physics at the time, because it indicated that energy was not conserved in these decays. In 1905, Albert Einstein formulated the idea of mass?energy equivalence. While the work on radioactivity by Becquerel, Pierre and Marie Curie predates this, an explanation of the source of the energy of radioactivity would have to wait for the discovery that the nucleus itself was composed of smaller constituents, the nucleons. Rutherfords team discovers the nucleus In 1907 Ernest Rutherford published Radiation of the a Particle from Radium in passing through Matter[1]. Geiger expanded on this work in a communication to the Royal Society[2] with experiments he and Rutherford had done passing a particles through air, aluminum foil and gold leaf. More work was published in 1909 by Geiger and Marsden[3] and further greatly expanded work was published in 1910 by Geiger,[4] In 1911-2 Rutherford went before the Royal Society to explain the experiments and propound the new theory of the atomic nucleus as we now understand it. The key experiment behind this announcement happened in 1909 as Ernest Rutherfords team performed a remarkable experiment in which Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden under his supervision fired alpha particles (helium nuclei) at a thin film of gold foil. The plum pudding model predicted that the alpha particles should come out of the foil with their trajectories being at most slightly bent. Rutherford had the idea to instruct his team to look for something that shocked him to actually observe: a few particles were scattered through large angles, even completely backwards, in some cases. He likened it to firing a bullet at tissue paper and having it bounce off. The discovery, beginning with Rutherfords analysis of the data in 1911, eventually led to the Rutherford model of the atom, in which the atom has a very small, very dense nucleus containing most of its mass, and consisting of heavy positively charged particles with embedded electrons in order to balance out the charge (since the ne utron was unknown). As an example, in this model (which is not the modern one) nitrogen-14 consisted of a nucleus with 14 protons and 7 electrons (21 total particles), and the nucleus was surrounded by 7 more orbiting electrons. The Rutherford model worked quite well until studies of nuclear spin were carried out by Franco Rasetti at the California Institute of Technology in 1929. By 1925 it was known that protons and electrons had a spin of 1/2, and in the Rutherford model of nitrogen-14, 20 of the total 21 nuclear particles should have paired up to cancel each others spin, and the final odd particle should have left the nucleus with a net spin of 1/2. Rasetti discovered, however, that nitrogen-14 has a spin of 1. James Chadwick discovers the neutron In 1932 Chadwick realized that radiation that had been observed by Walther Bothe, Herbert L. Becker, Ir?ne and Fr?d?ric Joliot-Curie was actually due to a neutral particle of about the same mass as the proton, that he called the neutron (following a suggestion about the need for such a particle, by Rutherford). In the same year Dmitri Ivanenko suggested that neutrons were in fact spin 1/2 particles and that the nucleus contained neutrons to explain the mass not due to protons, and that there were no electrons in the nucleus only protons and neutrons. The neutron spin immediately solved the problem of the spin of nitrogen-14, as the one unpaired proton and one unpaired neutron in this model, each contribute a spin of 1/2 in the same direction, for a final total spin of 1. With the discovery of the neutron, scientists at last could calculate what fraction of binding energy each nucleus had, from comparing the nuclear mass with that of the protons and neutrons which composed it. Differences between nuclear masses calculated in this way, and when nuclear reactions were measured, were found to agree with Einsteins calculation of the equivalence of mass and energy to high accuracy (within 1% as of in 1934). Yukawas meson postulated to bind nuclei In 1935 Hideki Yukawa proposed the first significant theory of the strong force to explain how the nucleus holds together. In the Yukawa interaction a virtual particle, later called a meson, mediated a force between all nucleons, including protons and neutrons. This force explained why nuclei did not disintegrate under the influence of proton repulsion, and it also gave an explanation of why the attractive strong force had a more limited range than the electromagnetic repulsion between protons. Later, the discovery of the pi meson showed it to have the properties of Yukawas particle. With Yukawas papers, the modern model of the atom was complete. The center of the atom contains a tight ball of neutrons and protons, which is held together by the strong nuclear force, unless it is too large. Unstable nuclei may undergo alpha decay, in which they emit an energetic helium nucleus, or beta decay, in which they eject an electron (or positron). After one of these decays the resultant nucleus may be left in an excited state, and in this case it decays to its ground state by emitting high energy photons (gamma decay). The study of the strong and weak nuclear forces (the latter explained by Enrico Fermi via Fermis interaction in 1934) led physicists to collide nuclei and electrons at ever higher energies. This research became the science of particle physics, the crown jewel of which is the standard model of particle physics which unifies the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces. Modern nuclear physics Main articles: Liquid-drop model and Shell model A heavy nucleus can contain hundreds of nucleons which means that with some approximation it can be treated as a classical system, rather than a quantum-mechanical one. In the resulting liquid-drop model, the nucleus has an energy which arises partly from surface tension and partly from electrical repulsion of the protons. The liquid-drop model is able to reproduce many features of nuclei, including the general trend of binding energy with respect to mass number, as well as the phenomenon of nuclear fission. Superimposed on this classical picture, however, are quantum-mechanical effects, which can be described using the nuclear shell model, developed in large part by Maria Goeppert-Mayer. Nuclei with certain numbers of neutrons and protons (the magic numbers 2, 8, 20, 50, 82, 126, ) are particularly stable, because their shells are filled. Other more complicated models for the nucleus have also been proposed, such as the interacting boson model, in which pairs of neutrons and protons interact as bosons, analogously to Cooper pairs of electrons. Much of current research in nuclear physics relates to the study of nuclei under extreme conditions such as high spin and excitation energy. Nuclei may also have extreme shapes (similar to that of Rugby balls) or extreme neutron-to-proton ratios. Experimenters can create such nuclei using artificially induced fusion or nucleon transfer reactions, employing ion beams from an accelerator. Beams with even higher energies can be used to create nuclei at very high temperatures, and there are signs that these experiments have produced a phase transition from normal nuclear matter to a new state, the quark-gluon plasma, in which the quarks mingle with one another, rather than being segregated in triplets as they are in neutrons and protons. Modern topics in nuclear physics Spontaneous changes from one nuclide to another: nuclear decay Main article: Radioactivity There are 80 elements which have at least one stable isotope (defined as isotopes never observed to decay), and in total there are about 256 such stable isotopes. However, there are thousands more well-characterized isotopes which are unstable. These radioisotopes may be unstable and decay in all timescales ranging from fractions of a second to weeks, years, or many billions of years. For example, if a nucleus has too few or too many neutrons it may be unstable, and will decay after some period of time. For example, in a process called beta decay a nitrogen-16 atom (7 protons, 9 neutrons) is converted to an oxygen-16 atom (8 protons, 8 neutrons) within a few seconds of being created. In this decay a neutron in the nitrogen nucleus is turned into a proton and an electron and antineutrino, by the weak nuclear force. The element is transmuted to another element in the process, because while it previously had seven protons (which makes it nitrogen) it now has eight (which makes it oxygen). In alpha decay the radioactive element decays by emitting a helium nucleus (2 protons and 2 neutrons), giving another element, plus helium-4. In many cases this process continues through several steps of this kind, including other types of decays, until a stable element is formed. In gamma decay, a nucleus decays from an excited state into a lower state by emitting a gamma ray. It is then stable. The element is not changed in the process. Other more exotic decays are possible (see the main article). For example, in internal conversion decay, the energy from an excited nucleus may be used to eject one of the inner orbital electrons from the atom, in a process which produces high speed electrons, but is not beta decay, and (unlike beta decay) does not transmute one element to another. Nuclear fusion Main article: Nuclear fusion When two low mass nuclei come into very close contact with each other it is possible for the strong force to fuse the two together. It takes a great deal of energy to push the nuclei close enough together for the strong or nuclear forces to have an effect, so the process of nuclear fusion can only take place at very high temperatures or high densities. Once the nuclei are close enough together the strong force overcomes their electromagnetic repulsion and squishes them into a new nucleus. A very large amount of energy is released when light nuclei fuse together because the binding energy per nucleon increases with mass number up until nickel-62. Stars like our sun are powered by the fusion of four protons into a helium nucleus, two positrons, and two neutrinos. The uncontrolled fusion of hydrogen into helium is known as thermonuclear runaway. Research to find an economically viable method of using energy from a controlled fusion reaction is currently being undertaken by various resea rch establishments (see JET and ITER). For nuclei heavier than nickel-62 the binding energy per nucleon decreases with the mass number. It is therefore possible for energy to be released if a heavy nucleus breaks apart into two lighter ones. This splitting of atoms is known as nuclear fission. The process of alpha decay may be thought of as a special type of spontaneous nuclear fission. This process produces a highly asymmetrical fission because the four particles which make up the alpha particle are especially tightly bound to each other, making production of this nucleus in fission particularly likely. For certain of the heaviest nuclei which produce neutrons on fission, and which also easily absorb neutrons to initiate fission, a self-igniting type of neutron-initiated fission can be obtained, in a so-called chain reaction. (Chain reactions were known in chemistry before physics, and in fact many familiar processes like fires and chemical explosions are chemical chain reactions.) The fission or nuclear chain-reaction, using fission-produced neutrons, is the source of energy for nuclear power plants and fission type nuclear bombs such as the two that the United States used against Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II. Heavy nuclei such as uranium and thorium may undergo spontaneous fission, but they are much more likely to undergo decay by alpha decay. For a neutron-initiated chain-reaction to occur, there must be a critical mass of the element present in a certain space under certain conditions (these conditions slow and conserve neutrons for the reactions). There is one known example of a natural nuclear fission reactor, which was active in two regions of Oklo, Gabon, Africa, over 1.5 billion years ago. Measurements of natural neutrino emission have demonstrated that around half of the heat emanating from the Earths core results from radioactive decay. However, it is not known if any of this results from fission chain-reactions. Production of heavy elements According to the theory, as the Universe cooled after the big bang it eventually became possible for particles as we know them to exist. The most common particles created in the big bang which are still easily observable to us today were protons (hydrogen) and electrons (in equal numbers). Some heavier elements were created as the protons collided with each other, but most of the heavy elements we see today were created inside of stars during a series of fusion stages, such as the proton-proton chain, the CNO cycle and the triple-alpha process. Progressively heavier elements are created during the evolution of a star. Since the binding energy per nucleon peaks around iron, energy is only released in fusion processes occurring below this point. Since the creation of heavier nuclei by fusion costs energy, nature resorts to the process of neutron capture. Neutrons (due to their lack of charge) are readily absorbed by a nucleus. The heavy elements are created by either a slow neutron cap ture process (the so-called s process) or by the rapid, or r process. The s process occurs in thermally pulsing stars (called AGB, or asymptotic giant branch stars) and takes hundreds to thousands of years to reach the heaviest elements of lead and bismuth. The r process is thought to occur in supernova explosions because the conditions of high temperature, high neutron flux and ejected matter are present. These stellar conditions make the successive neutron captures very fast, involving very neutron-rich species which then beta-decay to heavier elements, especially at the so-called waiting points that correspond to more stable nuclides with closed neutron shells (magic numbers). The r process duration is typically in the range of a few seconds.

The Jungle :: essays research papers

Part I In the book The Jungle, there are many characters. The major character is Jurgis Rudkus. The book revolves around his life in Packingtown. Jurgis is originally from Lithuania. When we first meet him he appears as very large and powerful. He has a wife, Ona Lukoszaite, and a son named Antanas. Mike Skully is the powerful political leader in Packingtown. Phil Connor is a foreman in Packingtown â€Å"politically connected† through Skully and causes much trouble for Jurgis. Jack Duane is an experienced and educated criminal who is also â€Å"politically connected†. A man named Ostrinski is a half blind tailor who teachers Jurgis about socialism. There are also members of Ona’s family who play minor roles in the story. The story opens with a feast at Jurgis and Ona’s wedding in America. They have a wedding feast after the ceremony. This is where Ona hopes her and Jurgis get some money. To their surprise, the young do not observe the tradition of giving m oney to the bride to help pay for the feast. Ona becomes worried that they are not going have enough money, but Jurgis simply replies by saying â€Å"I will work harder†. The story then flashbacks to how the two first met. Jurgis met Ona at a horse fair, and they fell in love. They were too poor to have a wedding because Ona’s father had died. In hopes of finding freedom and fortune, they left for America, bringing several members of Ona’s family with them. As soon as Jurgis and his family arrive in America they are faced with a problem. They do not speak English and get lost. Finally, they get a cab. They are let off at the yards and bump into Jonas’s friend. He finds them a place to stay in Packingtown. It is a section of Chicago where the meat packing industry is centralized. Jurgis tours the plant and sees the efficiency. No part of the animal is wasted. The tour guide specifically says, â€Å" they use everything about the hog except the squeal,â₠¬  (The Jungle, pg. 38). Jurgis quickly gets a job, on the cattle killing beds. The other members of the family soon find jobs, except for the children. They are put in schools. Jurgis and Ona decide that they want a home because they do not like where they are staying now. They arrange to see one of the houses. The Jungle :: essays research papers Part I In the book The Jungle, there are many characters. The major character is Jurgis Rudkus. The book revolves around his life in Packingtown. Jurgis is originally from Lithuania. When we first meet him he appears as very large and powerful. He has a wife, Ona Lukoszaite, and a son named Antanas. Mike Skully is the powerful political leader in Packingtown. Phil Connor is a foreman in Packingtown â€Å"politically connected† through Skully and causes much trouble for Jurgis. Jack Duane is an experienced and educated criminal who is also â€Å"politically connected†. A man named Ostrinski is a half blind tailor who teachers Jurgis about socialism. There are also members of Ona’s family who play minor roles in the story. The story opens with a feast at Jurgis and Ona’s wedding in America. They have a wedding feast after the ceremony. This is where Ona hopes her and Jurgis get some money. To their surprise, the young do not observe the tradition of giving m oney to the bride to help pay for the feast. Ona becomes worried that they are not going have enough money, but Jurgis simply replies by saying â€Å"I will work harder†. The story then flashbacks to how the two first met. Jurgis met Ona at a horse fair, and they fell in love. They were too poor to have a wedding because Ona’s father had died. In hopes of finding freedom and fortune, they left for America, bringing several members of Ona’s family with them. As soon as Jurgis and his family arrive in America they are faced with a problem. They do not speak English and get lost. Finally, they get a cab. They are let off at the yards and bump into Jonas’s friend. He finds them a place to stay in Packingtown. It is a section of Chicago where the meat packing industry is centralized. Jurgis tours the plant and sees the efficiency. No part of the animal is wasted. The tour guide specifically says, â€Å" they use everything about the hog except the squeal,â₠¬  (The Jungle, pg. 38). Jurgis quickly gets a job, on the cattle killing beds. The other members of the family soon find jobs, except for the children. They are put in schools. Jurgis and Ona decide that they want a home because they do not like where they are staying now. They arrange to see one of the houses.